Design and engineering of urchin-like nanostructured SnO₂ catalysts via controlled facial hydrothermal synthesis for efficient electro-reduction of CO₂

Although both laboratory and large-scale studies have demonstrated the technological feasibility of electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ERC) for producing useful low-carbon fuels, there are still challenges that hinder the practical use of Sn-based catalysts and electrodes in terms of both catalytic activity and stability. In this study, we discuss the design and engineering of several nanostructured SnO₂ catalysts via a simple, safe, and low-emission hydrothermal method, targeted at solving low yield, insufficient electrode stability, and specifically high over-potential problems. SnO₂ with a novel urchin-like microstructure was developed, which showed high catalytic ERC performance in a CO₂-saturated 0.5 M KHCO₃ aqueous electrolyte. The composition, morphology, crystal structure, and active surface area of the SnO₂ nanocatalysts synthesized at different conditions were thoroughly characterized using SEM, TEM-based selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and XRD. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry measurements demonstrated that the urchin-like nanostructured SnO_2-180-5 (obtained at 180 °C for 5 h) possessed the optimal ERC performance in terms of onset potential, electron transfer, and current density. Such a catalyst exhibited highly selective CO₂ reduction to formate, achieving ∼62% Faradaic efficiency at −1.0 V (vs SHE), which is among the lowest overpotentials reported to date for Sn(SnO_x)-based catalysts.