Left ventricular entropy is a novel predictor of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with coronary atherosclerosis: a multi-center study

To investigate the incremental prognostic value of left ventricular (LV) entropy in a large multi-center population with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD). Current risk stratification of patients with CAD is imprecise and not accurate enough. A total of 314 CAD patients who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) at two medical centers in China between October 2015 and July 2022 were included in this study. Additionally, the 193 patients under 3.0-T field also underwent CMR T1 mapping. LV entropy and extracellular volume (ECV) were calculated from the LGE image of LV myocardium, and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were analyzed. Among 314 patients, 110 experienced MACE during a median follow-up of 13 months. The risk of MACE was significantly increased in the high entropy group (log-rank p < 0.001). Entropy maintained an independent association with MACE in a multivariable model including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and LGE (HR = 1.78; p = 0.001). In addition, the primary endpoint events prognostic value was significantly improved by adding LV entropy to the baseline multivariable model (C-statistic improvement: 0.785-0.818, Delong test: p = 0.001). Similarly, among 193 3.0-T field patients, adding LV entropy to the multivariable baseline model significantly improved the prognostic value of the model for MACE (C-statistic improvement: 0.820-0.898, Delong test: p = 0.004). CMR-assessed LV entropy is a powerful independent predictor of MACE in patients with CAD, incremental to common clinical and CMR risk factors, including LVEF, LGE, Native T1, and ECV. Left ventricular entropy is a powerful independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, incremental to common clinical and cardiac magnetic resonance risk factors.