Present and future steam guidelines - standard fossil and nuclear cycles, advanced power cycles, and power generation in the industry

Both the worldwide long-term experience in operation of fossil and nuclear cycles and the results of the research and development work in many countries are the basis for establishing of plant cycle chemistry guidelines. Plant cycle chemistry guidelines provide a reference resource for plant personnel and make setting up of individual power plant-specific guidelines possible. In fossil power cycles, the turbine is the most sensitive component of the whole cycle. The cycle efficiency and the operation reliability depend substantially on the respective state of the turbine. In this connection, the steam quality is of immense importance. The subject of this paper is a careful evaluation and discussion of current steam guidelines. The most important issues that should be addressed or considered revising the guidelines are overall plant cycle design, operation mode particularly transient operation, advance power cycles, steam generation in industry, and co-generation. An attempt should be made to estimate the effect of carbon dioxide and low-molecular organic acids on the turbine or turbine materials. (orig.)