Silicon nanowires: electron holography studies of doped p–n junctions and biased Schottky barriers

We report an in situ examination of individual Si p–n junction nanowires (NWs) using off-axis electron holography (EH) during transmission electron microscopy. The SiNWs were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition with an axial dopant profile from n- to p-type, and then placed inside the transmission electron microscope as a cantilever geometry in contact with a movable Pt probe for in situ biasing measurements during simultaneous EH observations. The phase shift from EH indicates the potential shift between the p- and n-segments to be 1.03 ± 0.17 V due to the built-in voltage. The I–V characteristics of a single SiNW indicate the formation of a Schottky barrier between the NW tip and the movable Pt contact. EH observations show a strong concentration of electric field at this contact, preventing a change in the Si energy bands in the p–n junction region due to the applied bias. (paper)