Assessment of nozzles with thermal sleeve

Nozzles in pipelines and containers are designed to withstand mechanical loads (internal pressure, external forces and momenta) and thermal loads (temperature, temperature changes and temperature distributions). In the case of variable thermal loads, thermosleeves are used as a rule for protection. The integrity of thermosleeves can be affected by mechanical (vibrations) and thermal loads. Loads and influencing parameters are discussed anad analyzed with a view to their effect on the integrity of thermosleeve-protected nozzles. The method is illustrated by examples, and quality assurance in operation is gone into. (orig.)