Programmable electrical coupling between stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources of randomness for compact and energy-efficient implementations of probabilistic computing techniques. Augmenting an SMTJ with electronic circuits, to convert the random telegraph fluctuations of its resistance state to stochastic digital signals, gives a basic building block known as a probabilistic bit or $p$-bit. Though scalable probabilistic computing methods connecting $p$-bits have been proposed, practical implementations are limited by either minimal tunability or energy-inefficient microprocessors in the loop. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the functionality of a scalable analog unit cell, namely a pair of $p$-bits with programmable electrical coupling. This tunable coupling is implemented with operational amplifier circuits that have a time constant of approximately $1\text{μ}\text{s}$, which is faster than the mean dwell times of the SMTJs over most of the operating range. Programmability enables flexibility, allowing both positive and negative couplings, as well as coupling devices with widely varying device properties. These tunable coupling circuits can achieve the whole range of correlations from $-1$ to 1, for both devices with similar time scales, and devices whose time scales vary by an order of magnitude. This range of correlation allows such circuits to be used for scalable implementations of simulated annealing with probabilistic computing.