Effects of particle-number conservation on heat capacity of nuclei

By applying the particle-number projection to the finite-temperature Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, the S-shaped heat capacity, which has recently been claimed to be a fingerprint of the superfluid-to-normal phase transition in nuclei, is reexamined. It is found that the particle-number (or number-parity) projection gives S shapes in the heat capacity of nuclei that look qualitatively similar to the observed ones. These S shapes are accounted for as effects of the particle-number conservation on the quasiparticle excitations and occur even when we keep the superfluidity at all temperatures by assuming a constant gap in the BCS theory. The present study illustrates significance of the conservation laws in studying phase transitions of finite systems