Lithium tin phosphate anode partially reduced through prelithiation for hybrid capacitor application

Highlights: • LiSn₂(PO₄)₃ LSP is prelithiated to yield tin and made steady its electrode capacity. • Several hybrid capacitors are made with negative LSP and positive activated carbon AC. • The effects of LSP prelithiation level and LSP:AC mass ratio are studied. • The plus of metallic tin on capacity is realized only at low current densities. • The LSP-I:AC ratio of 1:1 in mass is superior under most operation conditions. - Abstract: Incorporated as the negative electrode, the LiSn₂(PO₄)₃ (LSP) crystals requires a prelithiation step to decompose LSP partially and yield tin metal for a relatively steadied capacity in cycling the hybrid capacitor of LiPF₆ electrolyte. The charge transfer reactions of lithium alloying tin at low potentials offer a substantial amount of electrical capacity. Hence, several capacitors of LSP negative and activated carbon (AC) positive are prepared to understand the effects of prelithiation and LSP:AC mass ratio on how to exploit this electrochemical capacity. Among two prelithiation levels and three mass ratios, the combination of LSP-I (10% tin) and 1:1 (LSP:AC) mass ratio stands out as the best choice over a wide range of specific current. On the other hand, the selection of a specific current low enough to match the charge-transfer reaction kinetics enables the LSP electrode of high prelithiation level, LSP-II (45% tin), to utilize its battery-like capacity thoroughly. The maximum energy of hybrid capacitor LSP-II/AC is measured 28.7 W h kg⁻¹ at a minimum specific current 0.03 A g⁻¹