Spatial distribution and temporal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in runoff and surface water

Highlights: • PAHs in runoff and surface water mixed with the runoff discharge were monitored. • An industrial site had the highest PAH concentrations in runoff and surface water. • Dissolved PAHs (2- to 4-ring species) were more dominant than particulate PAHs. • PAHs in runoff and surface water shared similar petrogenic and pyrolysis sources. • Ecological risk water was the highest in July due to high PAH concentrations. This study aims to investigate the spatial distribution of and temporal variation in the phase distribution, emission sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in runoff and in surface water mixed with runoff discharge. The samples were collected at semi-rural, residential, and industrial sites in Ulsan, South Korea, from April to October 2016. The industrial site had the highest PAH concentrations in the runoff and surface water due to the higher PAH levels found in the surrounding environmental media. The PAH phase distributions were relatively similar between the sampling sites, with dissolved PAHs (2- to 4-ring species) dominant. In July, the PAHs in the surface water were more commonly found in the dissolved phase due to the higher water temperature and dissolved organic carbon concentration. The emission sources for the PAHs were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), a dimension reduction technique, and the k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier, a supervised learning algorithm. It was determined that the PAHs in the runoff and surface water were likely to share similar petrogenic and pyrolysis sources for most of the sampling periods. The ecological risk of the surface water was 1.5–4.5 times lower after being mixed with runoff water, mainly due to dilution effects. The ecological risk for surface water was highest in July because of the higher PAH concentrations. This study contributes to the understanding of PAHs in runoff and in surface water affected by runoff discharge.