Ultrasonic examination of defects close to the outer surface

During the examination of a pressurized water reactor vessel with an in-service inspection machine (MIS), various welds are scanned with immersion ultrasonic focused transducers from the inside of the vessel. Defects close to the outer surface are sometimes detected, and sizing with the successive 6 dB drop method leads to oversize some indications; this is caused by various reflections on the outer wall; the corner echo is of particular importance here. The authors have started an experimental program in order to study the response of volumetric and planar defects located near the outer surface. They present the first results obtained with artificial defects