Electrochemical characterizations of darbufelone, a di-tert-butylphenol derivative, by voltammetric techniques and density functional theory calculations

Highlights: • Darbufelone (Darb), a dual COX/5-LOX inhibitor, is electrochemically characterized. • Electrochemical correlation exists between Darb and other tert-butyl derivatives. • Electronic structure calculations on darbufelone and its derivatives are reported. • Molecular electrostatic map, HOMO/LUMO spatial distribution on Darb are presented. • Electrochemistry and computational chemistry agree on the oxidation process of Darb. Darbufelone is a dual cyclooxygenase/lypoxygenase inhibitor that is emerging as a novel option for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Akin to the synthetic antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), the electroactive di-tert-butylphenol moiety is also present in the darbufelone structure thus conferring reducing properties. The antioxidant properties of darbufelone BHT and BHA can be studied by means of voltammetric techniques while the influence of intrinsic molecular structural changes can be correlated to molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and HOMO/LUMO energy profiles. In this report, the overall electronic structure of the darbufelone BHT and BHA for lowest energy enantiomorphs were computed. A comparison between the experimental and computational theoretical results was drawn. The charge distributions for the lowest energy enantiomorphs were evaluated for reduced and oxidized species in order to bring new insights about their redox properties. The electrochemical oxidation of BHT and BHA occurs in one-step, at peak potentials below 0.5 V. The redox behavior of darbufelone is characterized by two anodic peaks at E_p1a ∼0.2 V and E_p2a ∼0.5 V, and a less intense cathodic peak at E_p1c ∼0.2 V. Square wave voltammetric measurements were performed to confirm the reversibility and/or irreversibility of redox processes. From the HOMO energies calculated for BHT, BHA and darbufelone isomers, it was possible to infer that both anodic processes of darbufelone are related to the difference in the electronic structure of the diastereosiomers, which are further separated due to the passivation of the electrode surface by the isomers oxidized in the E_p1a ∼0.2 V anodic peak.