Petrometals V, Ni speciation

Complete text of publication follows. The metallic elements we have found in crude oils by different methods (by AAS, NAA, EAS, EPA) and six metals are forming mainly chelates, with porphyrines. It is known, that VO and Ni were only in petrofractions (crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, tar) and Fe, Mg, Co, Cu - only in living organisms. That fact was not explained until now. Concentrations of vanadyl and nickel are quite stable in oils, they reach values VO, Ni = 10-1; Fe, Ca = 10-2; Mn = 10-5% mass. Chemical speciation of an industrial elements refers to its occurens or distribution of identifying/qualifying of one (one more) chemical species in a petrosample. The speciation for vanadium and vanadium ions V+5 ↔ V+4 ↔ VO+3 can explain us many their specificities by study: on local levels the next chemical reactions takes place - distributions, solution, suspendition, neutralization, even decomposition. The chemical transformations of petrometals depends of course (in soil and water) on t deg C of season, windrose, qualify of substrate, other influences, as example, for oil nickel Ni+2 ↔ Ni+1 ↔ Ni0, for oil iron Fe+2 ↔ Fe+1 ↔ Fe0, and other petrometals. Two petrometals V + Ni attracted great attention in view of their sharp toxicity. For separation PMs today, the most promising method (in liquid and gas products) may occur - polymeric membranes. Both solid and liquid compositions from them applied as separation membranes (SM) or liquid membranes (LM) for the purposes. In letter case the LM able to separate desired PM, is immobilized into the solid polymembrane. This type LM can be easily obtained from porous SM with appropriate solvent. The selectivity of polymembrane can be more increased by introduction into solution of 'carrier molecules' with high affinity to desired PM. Various cases of the last type we used (including transition metals cation to which the most of PMs can be referred): Cu2+ and Ni2+, V4+ and V5+ and even Pb2+ and Pb4+. This separation method, we hope, is expected to being the most convenient separation conditions - such as high rate, equipment simplicity and low power consuming.