Pulsational Pair-instability Supernovae

The final evolution of stars in the mass range 70–140 $M_{\odot }$ is explored. Depending upon their mass loss history and rotation rates, these stars will end their lives as pulsational pair-instability supernovae (PPISN) producing a great variety of observational transients with total durations ranging from weeks to millennia and luminosities from 10⁴¹ to over 10⁴⁴ erg s⁻¹. No nonrotating model radiates more than $5\times {10}^{50}$ erg of light or has a kinetic energy exceeding $5\times {10}^{51}$ erg, but greater energies are possible, in principle, in magnetar-powered explosions, which are explored. Many events resemble SNe Ibn, SNe Icn, and SNe IIn, and some potential observational counterparts are mentioned. Some PPISN can exist in a dormant state for extended periods, producing explosions millennia after their first violent pulse. These dormant supernovae contain bright Wolf–Rayet stars, possibly embedded in bright X-ray and radio sources. The relevance of PPISN to supernova impostors like Eta Carinae, to superluminous supernovae, and to sources of gravitational radiation is discussed. No black holes between 52 and 133 $M_{\odot }$ are expected from stellar evolution in close binaries.