Raw material sources, physical properties and application of hafnium

Based on the special feature of hafnium isotopes, i.e. their high thermal neutron cross section, it is applied as control rod material in nuclear reactors. The deposits, quantities and composition of hafnium-containing zirconium minerals significant in hafnium production are reported. The technologies for hafnium production, main physical parameters of hafnium and the yearly production yield in various countries are presented. (A.L.)