Comparative assessment of collaborative fuel cycle options for Indonesia. Annex II

Under the long term energy development plan for Indonesia, the growth of energy demand is projected to increase very rapidly. Meeting the increased domestic energy demand presents a major challenge to the country, as existing resources are limited. Selection of energy supply options shall be sought and deliberated from various aspects, including energy availability and security, technology, safety, social economic and environment. To guide the development of sustainable energy supply, Presidential Decree Number 5 on National Energy Policy (2006) has been enacted. The policy addresses the national primary energy mix in 2025, in which the share of oil supply shall be reduced only up to 20%, natural gas increases to 30%, coal should be more than 33%, bio-fuel up to 5%, geothermal up to 5%, other renewable sources (bio-mass, nuclear energy, hydro, solar cell, and wind) up to 5%, and liquefied coal up to 2%. The introduction of nuclear power in Indonesia is not only to reach an optimum energy mix considering costs and environment, but also to relieve the pressure arising from the increasing domestic demand for oil and gas (so that oil and gas resources can be used for export and feed stocks). Thus, the role of nuclear power is to stabilize the supply of electricity, conserve strategic oil and gas resources and protect the environment from harmful pollutants that result from use of fossil fuels. In the context of the civil use of nuclear energy, Indonesia has enacted Act No. 10 of 1997 on Nuclear Energy, which underscores the importance of nuclear energy for our welfare and the need for its safe applications. The national commitment to implementing a nuclear power program is stated in Act No. 17 Year 2007 on Long Term National Energy Planning 2005  2025. The inclusion of nuclear power in the energy mix sets the ground for the need of sustainable planning of the country's nuclear power plant (NPP) program into the future. The aim of the current study is to analyses a range of fuel cycle options from the perspective of their effect on the utilization of natural Uranium resources and the radioactive waste generated (i.e. spent fuels). This is intended to support the sustainable of NPP program development in Indonesia. The results of feasibility study for the first NPP in Indonesia support plans for a 1000 MW(e) class of PWR operating in an open fuel cycle with extended interim storage of spent fuel. This is considering the spent fuel still possesses economic value and long term strategic value. If economically feasible, nuclear fuel element fabrication is planned to be conducted in Indonesia and the national uranium resources will be used as substitutions. Meanwhile, enrichment services will be obtained from international market.