Limit to minimally destructive optical detection of atoms

All optical techniques used to probe the properties of Bose-Einstein condensates have been based on dispersion and absorption that can be described by a two-level atom. Both phenomena lead to spontaneous emission that is destructive at the low energies involved with ultracold atomic systems. Recently, both were shown to lead to the same limit to the signal to noise ratio for a given destruction. We develop a new method for calculating the phase shift of a laser beam and show that no single-pass optical technique using classical light and a three-level atom can exceed this limit. This puts significant restrictions on potential nondestructive measurement schemes