Massive photons and Dirac monopoles: Electric condensate and magnetic confinement

We use the generalized Julia–Toulouse approach (GJTA) for condensation of topological currents (charges or defects) to argue that massive photons can coexist consistently with Dirac monopoles. The Proca theory is obtained here via GJTA as a low energy effective theory describing an electric condensate and the mass of the vector boson is responsible for generating a Meissner effect which confines the magnetic defects in monopole–antimonopole pairs connected by physical open magnetic vortices described by Dirac brane invariants, instead of Dirac strings