Fibrous dysplasia and McCune–Albright syndrome: Imaging for positive and differential diagnoses, prognosis, and follow-up guidelines

Highlights: • The radiologist plays a critical role at all steps of the management of patients with fibrous dysplasia (FD) and McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS). • Specific recommendations are provided as key points for the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of patients with FD/MAS. • We believe the dissemination of these recommendations within the radiology community may substantially improve the management of patients with these rare but potentially disabling conditions. - Abstract: Purpose: The radiologist plays a critical role at all steps of the management of patients with fibrous dysplasia (FD) and McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS). The development of a standardized approach to the management of FD/MAS is crucial given the low incidence and multiple clinical presentations of these conditions. Our aim was to develop recommendations for bone imaging in FD/MAS management. Materials and methods: The establishment of National Reference Centers in France as part of a Health Ministry program for orphan diseases has triggered the development of recommendations for the clinical management of FD/MAS. We used a well-established robust methodological approach involving an extensive literature review by a multidisciplinary working group (20 healthcare professionals) and scoring by a peer-review group (20 healthcare professionals different from the 20 previous ones). There were four phases: a systematic literature review, drafting of initial recommendations, peer-review of this initial draft, and drafting of the final recommendations. Results: Fifty-seven specific recommendations are provided as key points for the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of patients with FD/MAS. Issues of special interest are highlighted in the discussion, and areas in which future research is needed are identified. Conclusion: We believe the dissemination of these recommendations within the radiology community may facilitate communication between radiologists and other healthcare providers, thereby substantially improving the management of patients with these rare but potentially disabling conditions