Cadmium activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells

Highlights: ► Cadmium exposure induces ERK5 phosphorylation in HK-2 renal proximal tubular cells. ► BIX02189 treatment suppresses cadmium-induced ERK5 but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. ► BIX02189 treatment suppresses cadmium-induced CREB and c-Fos phosphorylation. ► ERK5 activation by cadmium exposure may play an anti-apoptotic role in HK-2 cells. -- Abstract: We examined the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) exposure on the phosphorylation and functionality of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), a recently identified member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, in HK-2 human renal proximal tubular cells. Following exposure to CdCl2, ERK5 phosphorylation increased markedly, but the level of total ERK5 was unchanged. ERK5 phosphorylation following CdCl2 exposure was rapid and transient, similar to the time course of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Treatment of HK-2 cells with the MAPK/ERK kinase 5 inhibitor, BIX02189, suppressed CdCl2-induced ERK5 but not ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The CdCl2-induced increase of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor-1 (ATF-1), as well as the accumulation of mobility-shifted c-Fos protein, were suppressed by BIX02189 treatment. Furthermore, BIX02189 treatment enhanced cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and increased the level of cytoplasmic nucleosomes in HK-2 cells exposed to CdCl2. These findings suggest that ERK5 pathway activation by CdCl2 exposure might induce the phosphorylation of cell survival-transcription factors, such as CREB, ATF-1, and c-Fos, and may exert a partial anti-apoptotic role in HK-2 cells.