Green carbon science. Efficient carbon resource processing, utilization, and recycling towards carbon neutrality

Green carbon science is defined as the "study and optimization of the transformation of carbon-containing compounds and the relevant processes involved in the entire carbon cycle from carbon resource processing, carbon energy utilization, CO${}_2$ fixation, and carbon recycling to utilize carbon resources efficiently and minimize the net CO${}_2$ emission." Green carbon science is related closely to carbon neutrality, and relevant fields have developed quickly in the last decade. In this Minireview, we propose the concept of carbon energy index, and the recent progress in petroleum refining, and the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and materials using coal, methane, CO${}_2$, biomass, and waste plastics is highlighted in combination with green carbon science. An outlook for these important fields is provided in the final section. (© 2021 Wiley‐VCH GmbH)