Thin shell equations of circular pipe bends

The equations for Novozhilov's linear first order thin shell theory are applied to the deformation of circular pipe bends, and the governing equations are presented for bends subjected to internal pressure and in-plane and out-of-plane forces and moments. Neglecting end effects, numerical results are given for flexibility and deflection factors for pure in-plane bending, deflection factors for pressure and displacement factors for out-of-plane bending under constant shear and torsion. Wall thicknesses up to 0.3 of the pipe radius are considered. (orig.)