Small Modular Reactors and possibilities for their use in the energy transition in Bulgaria

The use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes began approximately 75 years ago. Many models of different types of nuclear reactors have been designed along the years, but not all of them have reached commercial realization. Meanwhile the development of Small Modular Reactors (SMR) began about 15 years ago. Generation III and III+ reactors are currently being built, and SMR and Generation IV reactors are expected to be built in the next decade or two. Advanced nuclear technologies with minimal fuel cycle waste and SMRs are considered net-zero technologies and could replace the most environmentally polluting Coal-Firing Thermal Power Plants (CPPs). This paper provides an overview of the currently available SMR models and which ones could be used to retrofit and repower CPPs in Bulgaria, and which of them could only be used for replacement. Not only are the technologies considered, but also the level of readiness for their implementation in Bulgaria. (author)