Longitudinal study of ex-employees of a Ni-Cd battery company

The aim of this study is to measure kidney and liver cadmium levels by in vivo neutron activation analysis and to relate these values to biochemical and physiological indices of renal function. By repeating these measurements over a period of many years it is hoped to identify the critical parameters at the point when renal dysfunction might first be observed. The study protocol includes blood and urine analyses of urea, creatinine, protein, calcium, amino acids and B2-microglobulin; an isotopic test of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow; single photon absorptiometry of the distal radius; and where possible separation and identification of urinary and plasma metallothionein. In addition, all subjects are asked to complete a questionnaire relating to employment history, diet and smoking habit