Physical equivalence on non-standard spaces and symmetries on infinitesimal-lattice spaces

Equivalence in physics is discussed on the basis of experimental data accompanied by experimental errors. The introduction of the equivalence being consistent with the mathematical definition is possible only in theories constructed on non-standard number spaces by taking the experimental errors as infinitesimal numbers of the non-standard spaces. Following the idea for the equivalence (the physical equivalence), a new description of space-time in terms of infinitesimal-lattice points on the non-standard real number space *R is proposed. The infinitesimal-lattice space, *L, is represented by the set of points on *R which are written by ln=n*ε, where the infinitesimal lattice spacing *ε is determined by a non-standard natural number *N such that *ε ≡ *N-1. By using infinitesimal neighborhoods (Mon(r|*L)) of a real number r on *L, it can be made a space *M which is isomorphic to R as additive group. Therefore, every point on (*M)N automatically has the internal confined-subspace Mon(r|*L). A field theory on *L is proposed. To determine a projection from *L to *M, a fundamental principle based on the physical equivalence is introduced. The physical equivalence is expressed by the totally equal treatment for indistinguishable quantities in the observations. Following the principle, it is shown that the U(1) and SU(N) symmetries on the space (*M)N are induced from the internal substructure (Mon(r|*L))N. A quantized state describing the configuration spaces is constructed on (*M)N. By providing that the subspace (Mon(r|*L))N is a local inertial system of general relativity, infinitesimal distance operators are consistently introduced. It is seen that Lorentz and general relativistic transformations are also represented by operators which involve the U(1) and SU(N) internal symmetries