Radiation shielding and protection of the european spallation neutron source (ESS)

The shielding and the radiation protection of high intensity spallation neutron sources as ESS has special features and importance compared to usual accelerator shielding and protection considerations. For the shielding we are interested in very thick shields, so small uncertainties e.g. in cross sections lead to large errors; we are interested in detailed predictions, such as accurate particle spectra over large energy ranges, and the geometries of interest are complex, e.g. shields with multiple beam holes. Containment of radioactivity for the high power target station is also a very important issue and has highest hazard. The different methods, which are used for designing the ESS shielding, are discussed. Comparison with performed measurements is also given. (author)