Electromagnetic waves in a magnetized plasma near the critical surface

Electromagnetic waves in a plasma in a magnetic field give rise to enhanced refraction, produce a change in polarization, and cause electromagnetic energy to flow from one wave mode to another when propagating near the critical surface (CS), the one where the electron Langmuir frequency is equal to the wave frequency. A simple unified model of all phenomena taking place near the CS is proposed. These phenomena are due to electromagnetic waves linearly interacting with electron Langmuir oscillations which are localized at the CS in a cold plasma. This interaction manifests itself most strikingly in electron Langmuir oscillation energy escaping directly into a vacuum in the form of electromagnetic radiation. (reviews of topical problems)