Applying lessons learned from a variety of events to the management of radiological recovery operations in the USA

There is a great deal to learn from the experience of non-radiological accidents as well as the numerous nuclear power plant exercises and emergencies such as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island accidents. This paper reviews a number of such events and discusses lessons learned from these and how this knowledge is being incorporated into the US plans for recovery operations in responding to radiological emergencies. Although the initiating events and attendant technologies may differ, the human responses to major emergencies have many similarities. These experiences show that we must continue to learn that continuing vigilance in preparing for emergencies is of utmost importance and that the initial response operations have a great impact on the recovery operations. The paper also discusses the lessons learned with regard to the collection and assessment of environmental data, establishment of consensus recovery standards and advice, communication improvements, international interdependencies and other common concerns. (author)