Optimized removal of the tongue-and-groove underdose via constrained partial synchronization and variable depth recursion

Full synchronization (FS) leaf sequencing removes tongue-and-groove underdosages (TGU) but increases the number of segments. Constrained partial synchronization (CPS) uses a minimum tongue-and-groove ratio (TGR) to reduce the number of segments while achieving acceptable TGUs. TGR is the ratio of non-overlapping intensities that irradiate a common junction. For TGRs of 1, 1.5 and 2, the TGUs were measured as 18%, 4% and 0%, respectively, for a 6 MV beam and a Siemens 82 leaf MLC. The extraction and sweep processes of the variable depth recursion (VDR) leaf-sequencing algorithm were constrained to satisfy a minimum TGR. For a Siemens MLC and 15 clinical cases, VDR with a TGR = 1.5 produced 7% more segments than the unsynchronized VDR, while a fully synchronized sweeping window algorithm produces 62% more segments. For random intensity maps, VDR with CPS produced significantly fewer segments than an unsynchronized sweeping window. Similar results can be obtained for MLCs that interdigitate. This has implications for direct aperture optimization algorithms (DAO) that use the sweeping window as a starting point (Pinnacle), for which a significant TGU has been observed. The concept of CPS can be applied to DAO by choosing appropriate levels for each of the segments in DAO.