Critical inlet water flow rates for condensation-induced water-hammer initiation

A review of the literature revealed that a number of comprehensive studies on the phenomena associated with water-hammer events have been performed. The earlier studies identified basic mechanisms for water-hammer initiation. Descriptions of how these mechanisms occurred in nuclear power plants and what could be done to avoid these initiating events were also given. However, there exist only a few quantitative analyses on condensation-induced water-hammer (CIWH) initiation. The main purpose of this paper is to develop improved models for lower and upper bounds where water-hammer initiation is predicted to occur in a long horizontal pipe by incorporating the current advances made in the understanding of interfacial transport phenomena into existing analytical methods proposed by earlier workers