Polarons as stable solitary wave solutions to the Dirac–Coulomb system

We consider solitary wave solutions to the Dirac–Coulomb system both from physical and mathematical points of view. Fermions interacting with gravity in the Newtonian limit are described by the model of Dirac fermions with the Coulomb attraction. This model also appears in certain condensed matter systems with emergent Dirac fermions interacting via optical phonons. In this model, the classical soliton solutions of equations of motion describe the physical objects that may be called polarons, in analogy to the solutions of the Choquard equation. We develop analytical methods for the Dirac–Coulomb system, showing that the no-node gap solitons for sufficiently small values of charge are linearly (spectrally) stable. (paper)