Safeguards in Norway-Experiences with Integrated Safeguards

Norway was among the first countries to have a nuclear research reactor in operation. JEEP 1, a joint project between the Netherlands and Norway, went into operation in 1951. In the early years of nuclear power there were no safeguards bureau. However, Norway had in the late 1950's signed an agreement with USA concerning peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The agreement secured USA that the nuclear facilities in Norway were not used for military purposes, and provided Norway with uranium and other vital equipment for the reactors. IAEA safeguards was implemented in Norway 1 March 1972. Norway is not part of EURATOM, thus only the bilateral safeguards agreement with the IAEA is enforced. For Norway the Additional Protocol came into force in 2000, while Integrated Safeguards was implemented in 2002. As one of the first countries to have Integrated Safeguards implemented, Norway has a broad experience in this field. This paper will present the nuclear facilities in Norway and discuss the experiences with Integrated Safeguards and compare it to traditional safeguards