Constraints on Metastable Helium in the Atmospheres of WASP-69b and WASP-52b with Ultranarrowband Photometry

Infrared observations of metastable 2³S helium absorption with ground- and space-based spectroscopy are rapidly maturing, as this species is a unique probe of exoplanet atmospheres. Specifically, the transit depth in the triplet feature (with vacuum wavelengths near 1083.3 nm) can be used to constrain the temperature and mass-loss rate of an exoplanet's upper atmosphere. Here, we present a new photometric technique to measure metastable 2³S helium absorption using an ultranarrowband filter (FWHM 0.635 nm) coupled to a beam-shaping diffuser installed in the Wide-field Infrared Camera on the 200 inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory. We use telluric OH lines and a helium arc lamp to characterize refractive effects through the filter and to confirm our understanding of the filter transmission profile. We benchmark our new technique by observing a transit of WASP-69b and detect an excess absorption of 0.498% ± 0.045% (11.1σ), consistent with previous measurements after considering our bandpass. We then use this method to study the inflated gas giant WASP-52b and place a 95th percentile upper limit on excess absorption in our helium bandpass of 0.47%. Using an atmospheric escape model, we constrain the mass-loss rate for WASP-69b to be ${5.25}_{-0.46}^{+0.65}\times {10}^{-4}{M}_J{Gyr}^{-1}$ (${3.32}_{-0.56}^{+0.67}\times {10}^{-3}{M}_J{Gyr}^{-1}$) at 7000 K (12,000 K). Additionally, we set an upper limit on the mass-loss rate of WASP-52b at these temperatures of $2.1\times {10}^{-4}{M}_J{Gyr}^{-1}$ ($2.1\times {10}^{-3}{M}_J{Gyr}^{-1}$). These results show that ultranarrowband photometry can reliably quantify absorption in the metastable helium feature.