Orbital and bonding anisotropy in GaFeO3

The polarization-dependent O K-edge X-ray absorption spectra on GaFeO3 were simultaneously measured in the total electron yield and total fluorescence yield modes. The spectra measured in both modes display nearly identical polarization dependence, confirming that the polarization dependence is not due to extrinsic artifacts such as the oxygen non-stoichiometry or degradation at the surface but due to the intrinsic nature of this system. We also obtained identical magnetic hysteresis loops in both modes by using the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at Fe L-edges