Annealing behaviour of copper and nickel containing high concentrations of krypton studied by positron annihilation and other techniques

Bulk copper and nickel samples containing 3 and 5 at.% krypton respectively have been studied by conventional positron annihilation techniques. Most of the emphasis has been placed on the changes in positron lifetime and angular correlation parameters was complemented by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, together with macroscopic measurements of weight and dimensions. These techniques, combined with previous studies, provide a fairly detailed picture of both the as-prepared materials, where the krypton is present as a high density of solid phase precipitates (solid bubbles), and the subsequent marked response of the substructure to annealing. The onset temperature for bubble coalescence events is correlated with the melting temperatures of the solid Kr inside the bubbles. At higher temperatures extensive swelling is observed prior to and simultaneously with the release of the majority of the krypton. The structure after the Kr release contains micrometre-sized pores and ∼ 10 nm bubbles. The structure partly recovers at higher temperatures, but sufficient krypton is retained in the pores to maintain a large swelling up to close to the metal melting points. Positrons are found to become trapped at the Kr-metal interface in Kr bubbles, and there is clear evidence for a quantitative relation between lifetime and Kr density. Finally, positron trapping into dislocations is observed to occur at a rate much lower than that predicted from published specific trapping rates. (author)