The association of arsenic exposure with hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis

Highlights: • Arsenic is recognized as a potiental risk factor for hypertension. • 27 studies involving 117,769 participants globally were identified in this meta-analysis. • Exposure to arsenic showed a positive and approximately non-linear association with the risk of hypertension. • Evidence supporting the relationship between arsenic and increased SBP levels. • More cohort studies are needed to clarify the association between arsenic exposure and hypertension. Chronic arsenic exposure can induce cardiovascular diseases through oxidative stress injury, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. However, evidence for hypertension related to chronic arsenic exposure remains limited and inconclusive. To investigate the association of arsenic exposure with hypertension, we reviewed cross-sectional, case-control and longitudinal studies among general population (only excluded pregnant woman and children). Compared with non-exposure (or low exposure) group, we assessed relationship between the exposure (or high exposure) of arsenic and hypertension or blood pressure. We also examined the dose–response relationship to provide a theoretical basis for precision interventions in the population by conducting a two-stage random-effects dose-response meta-analysis. The weighted mean difference (WMD) was calculated to compare the blood pressure of exposed and reference arsenic exposure groups. Twenty-seven studies comprising 117,769 participants were included. The pooled OR and RR for hypertension compared the highest with lowest arsenic exposure categories were 1.14 [95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.23] and 1.30 [95 % CI: 0.91–1.84], respectively. A dose–response assessment of six studies with the necessary data available demonstrated that the OR of hypertension increased with an increasement of arsenic exposure. The differences in systolic blood pressure levels between the exposed and reference groups were 4.03 mmHg (95 % CI: 1.24–6.82). The meta-analysis further revealed the significant association of chronic arsenic exposure with hypertension among cross-sectional studies and the marginal significance in cohort studies. Besides, arsenic was mainly associated with increasing systolic blood pressure but not significantly related to diastolic blood pressure. We also demonstrated statistical evidence of a nonlinear dose–response association. Details on mechanisms and cohort studies are required to elucidate population-wide health influence of chronic arsenic exposure.