Wake effect in interactions of fast ions with carbon nanotubes

We use a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to describe the linear response of electrons on a single-walled carbon nanotube to a charged particle moving paraxially inside or outside the nanotube. We show that, when the particle speed exceeds a threshold value, the oscillatory wake effect develops both in the electron density perturbation on the nanotube surface and in the three-dimensional induced potential trailing the particle. This induced potential provides a means of localizing the toroidal electron image states around nanotubes, deflecting charged particle channeled through nanotubes, or capturing other charges into the wake riding states localized on the opposite side of the nanotube wall