Experimental investigative analysis of ternary (diesel + biodiesel + bio-ethanol) fuel blended with metal-doped titanium oxide nanoadditives tested on a diesel engine

Highlights: • Metal-doped TiO₂ nanoadditives blended ternary fuels were noticed as efficient fuel. • 1.23% minimal BTE and 2.1% higher BSEC compared with diesel fuel. • Higher cylinder pressure and lower HRR was observed. • Decreased HC, CO and smoke emissions and 29.79% higher NO_x were perceived. Biodiesel was used in the diesel engine as an alternate fuel owing to its chemical structures, higher oxygen supply and biological components. The state-of-the-art approach of ternary fuel with varied (35 ppm–65 ppm) of metal-doped Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nano additives were used for this experimental research to deduce the fossil fuel usage and emissions with diesel. So, the varied concentration of TiO₂ nanoadditives was blended with ternary fuel blends (70%diesel+20%biodiesel+ 10%bio-ethanol), then the various test fuel blends were tested on a diesel engine. Results indicate that compared with entire fuel blends, Blend 6 (20% Biodiesel + 10% Bio-ethanol + 70% Diesel fuel+ TiO₂(65 ppm)) had superior and best fuel blends due to (1.23%) minimal BTE and (2.1%) higher BSEC range related to 100% diesel fuel. The Blend 6 fuel (0.26%) possess higher cylinder pressure and (4.01%) lowered rate of HRR compared with 100% diesel fuel. Also, Blend 6 had a drastic decline in UBHC (34.02%), CO (106.8%) and smoke (34.01%) and (29.79%) higher NO_x related to diesel fuel. For this potent reason, Blend 6 fuel was proposed as a better alternative fuel for the enhanced performance and minimized emissions of the diesel engines the future energy demand.