Mixed convection characteristics in a baffled U-shaped lid-driven cavity in the presence of magnetic field

The lattice Boltzmann method is utilized to investigate the mixed convection of a CuO/water nanofluid by magnetic field's effect in a lid-driven U-shaped enclosure filled with a baffle. The bottom wall's temperature is high. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li model, which considering the Brownian motion of nanoparticles, is adopted to obtain the thermophysical properties of the nanofluid. How the Hartmann number (Ha), Richardson number (Ri), Reynolds number (Re), and nanoparticle concentration (ϕ) affect streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number (Nu_ave) is also examined. The results reveal that, at Re = 100 and for a large Ri, the nanofluid strategy degrades the Nu. The favorable effect of increasing the Re on the average Nu and adverse trends of the increment in the Ha on the heat transfer are the main highlights in this study. In addition, the increase in the Re more strongly affects the heat transfer rate at higher Ri.