Specifics of evacuation in emergency planning zones of nuclear power plants with a focus on population differentiation

Evacuation from the emergency planning zone is a measure aimed at the organized relocation of the population and animals from the threatened area. The purpose of evacuation in the event of a radiation accident is to prevent exposure of the population from radioactive particles in the cloud, from contaminated soil and exposure by inhalation. In the case of inappropriate measures during the evacuation (long stay in the outer space, performed during the passage of the radioactive cloud or in an inappropriate direction into the radioactive cloud), an increase in exposure may occur as a result of the evacuation. Evacuation can be carried out as a precaution in the pre-escape phase, or it can only be carried out in the post-escape phase of a radiation accident, i.e. after the passage of the radioactive cloud. Its primary purpose is the timely removal of persons from an area that is acutely threatened by infestation to a safe place. --- Urgent crisis measures must be implemented with regard to the age composition of the population, as 11% of families in the population of families in NPP emergency planning zones have at least one member under the age of 6. On the opposite side of the age spectrum are seniors over 65, who are represented in 46% of families. In order to evacuate the population, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in the ZHP population there are 5% of children under 6 years of age, 13% of children and adolescents from 6 to 18 years of age, 57% of people from 18 to 65 years of age and 25% of senior citizens over 65 years of age. Urgent crisis measures must also be specified with regard to the commuting of household members to work/school outside the emergency planning zone. At least one member of 42% of households commutes to work/school from these zones, with 12% of families having 2 members and 8% of families having more than 2 members. During evacuation, the authorities ensuring evacuation must take into account that in 16% of families at least one of their members is disabled, of which 3% of families have 2 disabled members. A controlled evacuation is a process that is controlled by the officials responsible for the evacuation and the executive authorities charged with managing the evacuation. Evacuees move both using their own means of transport and using means of mass transport provided by the authorities in charge of managing the evacuation. (authors)