Susceptibility of Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) to three pesticides: Influence of the water used for dilution on endpoints in an ecotoxicity bioassay

Highlights: • To evaluate pesticide effects on nontarget species and representative biota of each region is urgent. • The inclusion of parasites in monitoring the environmental impact is essential. • In bioassays the medium should insure standarization and enable an extrapolation of the results to the environment. The increased use of pesticides during recent years necessitates a reevaluation of the effect of those compounds by extending the range of nontarget species commonly used in risk assessment. In the present work, we thus determined the impact of the pesticides glyphosate, carbendazim, and malathion on the parasite Chordodes nobilii in both natural and reconstituted freshwater as the assay medium and tested the sensitivity of three of this species's ecologically relevant parameters—e. g., embryo nonviablity and the infective capability of larvae exposed for 48 or 96 h either in ovo or after hatching via the infection index mean abundance—to compare those parameters to data from previous trials with reconstituted freshwater. In natural-freshwater assays, at environmentally relevant concentrations, all three pesticides inhibited the preparasitic-stage endpoints; with carbendazim being the most toxic pesticide and the subsequent infectivity of larvae exposed in ovo the most sensitive endpoint. In general, the 50%-inhibitory concentrations assayed in reconstituted freshwater were higher than those obtained in natural freshwater, indicating a certain protective effect; whereas the maximal toxicity of the three pesticides in both aqueous environments was essentially similar. The sensitivity of C. nobilii to these agents demonstrated that this species is one of the most susceptible to toxicity by all three pesticides. These findings with the assay methodology provide relevant information for a future assessment of the risk of toxicity to aquatic ecosystems and furthermore underscore the need to include parasitic organisms among the nontarget species canvassed. We also recommend that in the bioassays in which the risk assessment is carried out, water from a nontarget species's natural environment be used in parallel in order to obtain more conclusive results.