X-ray fluorescence in IAEA Member States: Kenya

In this report, we present results on trace element levels in maize flour, kale vegetable and fish. In addition, some results on the trace element levels in tea, the most commonly consumed beverage in Kenya, are reported. The processing of maize reduces the elemental concentrations, with potassium and zinc being the ones that are significantly reduced. The milling factor was observed in the pricing with most refined maize flour (Hostess) being the most expensive. The relatively high concentrations levels of calcium and iron in the Jogoo brand were probably caused by other factors not related to maize processing; possibly it is from contamination from the processing environment. Instant tea is a form of processed tea, which is in powder form. It is newly introduced and it is not yet a popular product. There is quite a significant difference in the elemental concentration levels in this finely processed tea and in the usual tea leaves (Ketepa tea). In both cases, the manganese and iron concentration values are very high when compared to the values observed in maize and kale. Surveillance and assessment of trace metals and other pollutant levels in the fish is important to ensure compliance with stipulated standards for human consumption. It is observed that in general the liver accumulates the highest amounts of heavy metals, in particular iron and copper. Lead, a non-essential element was accumulated most in the scales. The lead (Pb) values in the muscle tissue, the main tissue of concern, were the lowest. In order to determine the concentrations of the trace elements from these foodstuffs that would actually be assimilated in the body, it will be necessary to determine the trace element levels in the amount of food that is actually ingested. Once in the digestive system, the amount assimilated will depend, among other factors, on their bioavailability of essential trace elements in typical Kenyan diets