Negative ion production by backscattering from alkali-metal surfaces bombarded by ions of hydrogen and deuterium

Measurements have been made of the total backscattered D- and H- yields from thick, clean targets of Cs, Rb, K, Na, and Li, bombarded with H2+, H3+, D2+, and D3+ with incident energies from 0.15 to 4.0 keV/nucleus. All of the measurements were made at background pressures less than 10-9 Torr and the alkali-metal targets were evaporated onto a cold substrate (T = 77K) in situ to assure thick, uncontaminated targets. Measurements of the H- yield from various transition metal targets with thin coverages of alkali-metals have also been made as a function of the surface work function. The negative ion yields are discussed in terms of the probabilities of reflection of the incident particles, of formation of the negative ion at the surface and of the survival of the negative ion leaving the surface. For each thick alkali-metal target, the negative ion yield measurements have been used in a least squares fit to determine two parameters in a theoretically derived expression for the negative ion yield. The parameters obtained from a thick Na target have been used to calculate the yield from a Cu target with thin coverage of Na