Instantons and the 5D U(1) gauge theory with extra adjoint

In this paper, we compute the partition function of 5D supersymmetric U(1) gauge theory with extra adjoint matter in general Ω background. It is well known that such partition functions encode very rich topological information. We show in particular that unlike the case with no extra matter, the partition function with extra adjoint at some special values of the parameters directly reproduces the generating function for the Poincare polynomial of the moduli space of instantons. We compare our results with those recently obtained by Iqbal et al (Refined topological vertex, cylindric partitions and the U(1) adjoint theory, arXiv:0803.2260), who used the so-called refined topological vertex method.