Studies on the use of nuclear fuel kernels in cladding tubes

Two approaches for using UO2-kernels in cladding tubes have been investigated, viz. the preparation of dense sphere-pacs and direct pelletizing (spherical). A theoretical study on the packing of spheres of different sizes showed that practical experiments were required. Model tests were, therefore, carried out, mostly with glass spheres. The most important results obtained are: A packing density of 80% can be exceeded if spheres of two sizes are used; quick and simple packing can be achieved with the mixing chute presented here; spheres pacs with a density of 90% for LWR cannot be prepared with kernels of practicable sizes; packing results can be translated to other tube diameters and to spheres and tubes made of other materials. The only suitable way to prepare dense pellets from kernels is pressing with a floating matrix at about 10 kbar, followed by removal under residual load. The kernels used should be produced without PVA and be reduced between 5000C and 8000C. Sintering is best accomplished in a limited oxidizing atmosphere at 11000C with subsequent reduction. Stable pellets with up to 96% of their theoretical density could be produced this way. (orig.)