Can we speak of optimisation in the medical and non-electronuclear industrial fields in France

In France, in 1993, more than 10 000 workers, i.e. nearly a quarter of the workers significantly exposed, were working in the medical, research and non-nuclear industrial fields. The annual average dose per significantly exposed worker was 2 mSv for veterinary surgeons, 3 mSv for the medical sector, 5.5 mSv for the non-nuclear industry. In the industrial sector, more than 8% of the exposed workers received an annual dose higher than 15 mSv. Such exposures are neither negligible nor really lower than those of the nuclear industry where the optimisation of radiological protection is currently implemented. So far, no publication has mentioned experience in the other sectors. Optimisation surveys in reference centres, for x-ray examinations or specific industrial practices, especially for the new practices such as interventional radiology, would make it possible to supply other enterprises or radiological services with information on what an optimised practice might be, under reference conditions, as far as radiological protection is concerned. The true difficulties in the implementation of optimisation in the industrial and medical sectors are not those which are commonly put forward (low levels of exposure, lack of resources, complexity...) but rather a lack of relevant data and above all a lack of culture on the residual risk. (authors). 19 refs., 5 tabs., 2 annexes