Galena weathering in simulated alkaline soil: Lead transformation and environmental implications

Highlights: • Galena weathering generates lead compounds with higher bio-accessibility. • Galena weathering mechanism involves the formation of PbSO₄ and α- and β-PbO. • Galena weathering prone to simulated saline not meadow soil solution • Higher temperature aggravates the galena weathering. • Surface interaction controls the Pb(II) release rates at different temperatures. Alkaline soils are widely distributed around the world. During the mining and transportation processes galena may be exposed to the alkaline soils. Weathering of galena may lead to the formation of different lead phases having higher bio-accessibility than galena, and thereby increasing the mobility and toxicity of lead. In this study, electrochemical techniques and Raman spectroscopic measurements were used for the evaluation of the interfacial processes that are involved in the galena weathering under the conditions of simulated saline soil and meadow soil solutions. The results showed that the release of Pb²⁺ and S⁰ took place during initial stage of the oxidation. Thereafter, further transformation to anglesite would take place, even leading to the transformation to β-PbO and α-PbO at higher temperatures. Galena weathering prone to saline soil than that in meadow soil, and has a faster weathering rate in the saline soil at same ambient temperature. Higher temperatures was found to promote the weathering of galena, and the rate constant for the release of Pb (II) was approximate 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁸ mol∙m⁻²∙s⁻¹, while surface reaction was found to control the weathering kinetics. Based on the surface characterization and evaluation of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, the weathering mechanism of galena in the alkaline soil and its environmental implications was suggested.