Very high quantum efficiency PMTs with bialkali photo-cathode

Since the mid-1960s and until today the classical PMTs with semitransparent bialkali photo-cathode provide peak Quantum Efficiency (QE) of ∼25%. About 2 years ago we started a program with the PMT manufacturers Hamamatsu, Photonis and Electron Tubes for boosting up the QE of bialkali PMTs. In the mean time we have obtained several batches of experimental PMTs from the above-mentioned manufacturers and measured few samples with QE values as high as 32-36% in the peak. Also, we want to report on the modest (5-7) % increase of the QE of the PMTs with flat input window after sandblasting. Earlier we have reported that by coating the hemi-spherical input window of bialkali PMTs with a milky layer we could enhance their QE by ∼10-20% for wavelengths ∼320 nm. Assuming that the industry can reliably produce PMTs with 32-35% QE in the peak, by applying the milky layer coating technique to the PMTs with hemi-spherical input window one shall be able to achieve peak QE values of ∼35-40%. Being by an order of magnitude cheaper and providing a matching level of QE such PMTs will become strong competitors for hybrid photo-diodes (HPD) with GaAsP photo-cathode