Wetting and Contact-Angle Hysteresis: Density Asymmetry and van der Waals Force

A droplet depositing on a solid substrate leads to the wetting phenomenon, such as dew on plant leaves. On an ideally smooth substrate, the classic Young's law has been employed to describe the wetting effect. However, no real substrate is ideally smooth at the microscale. Given this fact, we introduce a surface composition concept to scrutinize the wetting mechanism via considering the liquid-gas density asymmetry and the fluid-solid van der Waals interaction. The current concept enables one to comprehend counterintuitive phenomenon of contact-angle hysteresis on a smooth substrate and increase of contact angle with temperature as well as gas bubble wetting.