Mixed convection in molten metals

Mixed convection comprises movements caused by pumps and movements resulting from density differences originating from a thermal field. Within an annular space of finite length, these two processes abnormally affect the Nusselt vs. Peclet number relationship. The Reynolds analogy is not applicable to metals in the liquid state, and on the experimental side, small temperature differences are difficult to measure with conventional thermocouples. Research with sodium-potassium is described, together with results obtained by a method of measurement using the direct thermoelectrical effect of the metal in direct contact with its metal container