Review of research on V2X technologies, strategies, and operations

Highlights: • V2G for frequency regulation may incur high wear costs, findings are mixed. • Lower throughput V2G signals e.g. Spinning Reserves, may be more lucrative. • Nano-grid V2H with PV offers compelling potential for home energy management. • Capacity charge avoidance V2B may be favorable, as part of multi-service strategy. • Hardware development and battery wear cost are largest hurdles to V2G. -- Abstract: Vehicle-to-Anything, or V2X, is a term which references technologies that use the energy in the batteries of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) for any purpose outside the vehicle. The purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive and current review of concepts, recently published studies, and demonstration projects/deployments of V2X technology from around the world. While the focus will be kept on recently published studies and current technological developments, some historical perspective and important project reports from earlier periods of V2X development will be included for context. The report is broken down into sections focusing on different classes of V2X service: services to overall regional grid stability and reliability (V2G); reliability and backup energy supply services to individual homes or buildings (V2H); and studies focusing on services to commercial buildings generally inapplicable to residential houses (V2B). Attention will be paid to the operational strategy of the reviewed articles, which reflect a broad spectrum of optimization approaches and objectives.